Python

while 条件:
    函数体
    break    # 终止循环

for i in 数据体/range(a, b, step):
    函数体

global variable_name
variable_name = new_value

def function_name(parameters):
    # 函数体
    return return_value

result = function_name(arguments)

def function_name(param1, param2, param3, ...):
    # 函数体

function_name(arg1, arg2, arg3, ...)
# 参数位置与函数定义中的参数顺序一一对应

function_name(param3=arg3, param1=arg1, param2=arg2, ...)
# 使用键值对形式传参，参数顺序可以任意

function_name(arg1, arg2, param3=arg3, ...)
# 前部分使用位置传参，后部分使用关键字传参

def function_name(*args):
    # args 被视为元组
    # 接收参数不限制个数

def function_name(**kwargs):
    # kwargs 被视为字典
    # 接收参数不限制个数
    # 接收参数形式: key=value

def outer_function(inner_function):
    # 函数体
    result = inner_function()
    return result

lambda parameters: expression

add = lambda x, y: x + y
result = add(3, 5)  # 结果为 8

class ClassName:
    def __init__(self, id1, id2, id3):
        self.id1 = id1
        self.id2 = id2
        self.id3 = id3

obj = ClassName(value1, value2, value3)

class ClassName:
    id1 = value1
    id2 = value2

obj = ClassName()
obj.id1 = real_value1
obj.id2 = real_value2

def method_name(self, param1, param2):
    # 方法体

obj.method_name(parameter1, parameter2)

def __str__(self):
    return f"内容"

def __lt__(self, other):
    return self.id < other.id

def __le__(self, other):
    return self.id <= other.id

def __eq__(self, other):
    return self.id == other.id

class ChildClass(ParentClass1, ParentClass2):
    # 新类的内容
    pass

ParentClass.attribute
ParentClass.method()

class ParentClass():
    def action1(self):
        pass
    def action2(self):
        pass

class ChildClass1(ParentClass):
    def action1(self):
        # 函数体
        pass
    def action2(self):
        # 函数体
        pass

class ChildClass2(ParentClass):
    def action1(self):
        # 函数体
        pass
    def action2(self):
        # 函数体
        pass

# 1. 定义函数
def function_name(param: ParentClass):
    param.action1()
    param.action2()

# 2. 赋值子类
obj1 = ChildClass1()
obj2 = ChildClass2()

# 3. 调用
function_name(obj1)
function_name(obj2)

# 基本语法
file = open('文件路径', '模式')

# 常见模式
# 'r' - 只读模式（默认）
# 'w' - 写入模式（覆盖原有内容）
# 'a' - 追加模式（在文件末尾添加内容）
# 'b' - 二进制模式
# '+' - 读写模式

file.close()

with open('文件路径', '模式') as file:
    # 文件操作
# 自动关闭文件

with open('file.txt', 'r', encoding='utf-8') as file:
    content = file.read()
    print(content)

with open('file.txt', 'r', encoding='utf-8') as file:
    for line in file:
        print(line.strip())

with open('file.txt', 'r', encoding='utf-8') as file:
    content = file.read(100)  # 读取前100个字符
    print(content)

with open('file.txt', 'w', encoding='utf-8') as file:
    file.write('Hello, World!\n')
    file.write('This is a test.\n')

with open('file.txt', 'a', encoding='utf-8') as file:
    file.write('This is an append.\n')

with open('file.txt', 'r', encoding='utf-8') as file:
    position = file.tell()
    print(f'当前位置: {position}')

with open('file.txt', 'r', encoding='utf-8') as file:
    file.seek(10)  # 移动到第10个字节
    content = file.read()
    print(content)

import os

# 文件大小
file_size = os.path.getsize('file.txt')
print(f'文件大小: {file_size} 字节')

# 文件修改时间
import time
mod_time = os.path.getmtime('file.txt')
print(f'修改时间: {time.ctime(mod_time)}')

# 文件是否存在
if os.path.exists('file.txt'):
    print('文件存在')
else:
    print('文件不存在')

import os

# 创建单个目录
os.mkdir('new_directory')

# 创建嵌套目录
os.makedirs('parent/child/grandchild', exist_ok=True)

import os

# 删除空目录
os.rmdir('empty_directory')

# 删除非空目录
import shutil
shutil.rmtree('non_empty_directory')

import os

# 列出目录中的文件和子目录
entries = os.listdir('directory')
for entry in entries:
    print(entry)